宗教儀式における屠殺と超国家法　ヨーロッパの視点から

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Ritual Slaughter and Supranational Jurisprudence: A European Perspective

Michela Maria Dimuccio, Pasquale De Marzo, Virginia Conforti, Francesco Emanuele Celentano , Giancarlo Bozzo

2025/06/14

https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15121756

論文概要

儀式における屠殺とは、宗教的な目的のために事前に麻酔を施さずに動物を殺す行為を意味するが、動物福祉、宗教の自由、公衆衛生、消費者保護の要素が絡み合うために法的・倫理的に複雑で難しい問題である。宗教儀式における屠殺を規制する法的枠組みに影響しているのは国際法および超国家法、特に欧州司法裁判所の判例法であり、この総説ではこの問題について批判的に検証する。

宗教の自由は、欧州憲法および人権に関する枠組みのもとで強力に保護されているものの、最近の司法判断では、動物福祉と公共の利益における透明性を目的とする場合、加盟国が国内の立法措置として屠殺前の麻酔を義務付けることの正当性が確認されている。

特に、ベルギーで始まりEU全体で広がったいくつかの重要な判決に焦点を当て、基本権が衝突する状況で均衡を図る法的メカニズムである比例原則の適用について考察する。分析ではさらに、動物の苦痛に関する科学的および倫理的観点からの議論、消費者への情報提供に関する法的義務についても取り上げる。

これらの動向を総合すると、宗教儀式での屠殺を規制する基準はEU法の中で段階的に厳格化されつつあり、最近のこうした変化は動物福祉を義務とする法解釈の進化によるものであることがわかる。

動物の未来-FACTSへ戻る