雑食・ベジタリアン・ヴィーガンの腸内細菌叢シグネチャーと関連する健康アウトカム

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論文概要

プラントベースの食生活が普及するにつれて、こうした食生活が腸内細菌叢に与える影響について関心が高まっている。しかし、個々の食事パターンにはどのような特有のメタゲノム・プロファイルがあるかについて、多様な人口集団における検証はほとんど行われていない。

ここでは、5つの独立した多国籍コホートから21,561人を対象として、食事パターンの違い（雑食・ベジタリアン・ヴィーガン）が腸内細菌叢にどのように反映されているかをマッピングした。

腸内細菌叢プロファイルは、これらの一般的な食事パターンの間で明瞭に異なっていた（平均AUC = 0.85）。赤肉は雑食で特徴的な細菌叢を形成する強力な要因であり、その中で特異的な微生物である Ruminococcus・Bilophila wadsworthia・Alistipes putredinis では宿主の心代謝系の健康との間に負の相関が見られた。

逆に、ヴィーガンにおける細菌叢シグネチャーは、望ましい心代謝系バイオマーカーと相関しており、雑食の人でもプラントベース食品を多く摂取している場合は強化されていた。食事パターンに特異的な腸内微生物は、食品マイクロバイオームと一部は重複しており、これは例えばストレプトコッカス・サーモフィラス Streptococcus thermophilus などの乳製品に含まれる微生物や、ヴィーガンで見られたような通常の土壌微生物であった。

これらの腸内細菌叢シグネチャーは欧米で一般的な食事パターンと関連しており、今後の栄養介入や疫学研究に寄与するものである。

Gloria Fackelmann, Paolo Manghi, Niccolò Carlino, Vitor Heidrich, Gianmarco Piccinno, Liviana Ricci, Elisa Piperni, Alberto Arrè, Elco Bakker, Alice C. Creedon, Lucy Francis, Joan Capdevila Pujol, Richard Davies, Jonathan Wolf, Kate M. Bermingham, Sarah E. Berry, Tim D. Spector, Francesco Asnicar & Nicola Segata

2025/01/06

Gut microbiome signatures of vegan, vegetarian and omnivore diets and associated health outcomes across 21,561 individuals

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-024-01870-z

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